In this episode, I explain the science behind limb range of motion and flexibility and how to increase them by using science-supported protocols. Flexibility is crucial for physical movements and can help prevent injuries, decrease inflammation, modulate physical and mental pain, impact exercise recovery speed and even potentially slow the progression of certain diseases. I explain the biology of flexibility, including the specific neural mechanisms that sense stretch and load (i.e., tension) on the muscles and limbs, as well as how specific brain regions like the insula combine those signals to ultimately control limb range of movement. I also provide science-based stretching and “micro-stretching” protocols that reliably improve limb flexibility with the minimum necessary time investment. I review all the details of those stretching protocols: how often to do them, for how long, their timing relative to other exercises, sets, the time between sets, measuring progress and more. All people, physically active or not, should benefit from the information and tools described in this episode.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps

Flexibility & Stretching

Sponsors: AG1, InsideTracker

Innate Flexibility

Movement: Nervous System, Connective Tissue & Muscle; Range of Motion

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) & Load Sensing Mechanisms

Decreased Flexibility & Aging

Insula, Body Discomfort & Choice

von Economo Neurons, Parasympathetic Activation & Relaxation

Muscle Anatomy & Cellular ‘Lengthening,’ Range of Motion

Tool: Protocol - Antagonistic Muscles, Pushing vs. Pulling Exercises

Types of Stretching: Dynamic, Ballistic, Static & PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation)

Tool: Increasing Range of Motion, Static Stretching Protocol, Duration

Tool: Static Stretching Protocol & Frequency

Tool: Effective Stretching Protocol

Tool: Warming Up & Stretching

Limb Range of Motion & General Health Benefits

PNF Stretching, Golgi Tendon Organs & Autogenic Inhibition

Tool: Anderson Protocol & End Range of Motion, Feeling the Stretch

Tool: Effectiveness, Low Intensity Stretching, “Micro-Stretching”

Tool: Should you Stretch Before or After Other Exercises?

Stretching, Relaxation, Inflammation & Disease

Insula & Discomfort, Pain Tolerance & Yoga

Tools: Summary of Stretching Protocols